Accumulative line graph (Lorenz curve)

http://ingrimayne.com/econ/AllocatingRationing/MeasuringIncomeDist.html

The accumulative line graph or Lorenz Curve graphically represents the cumulative representation the cumulative distribution function of a probability distribution. A Lorenz Curve is used to display income distribution. This line graph shows the percents of income vs. the percent of households paired with a Lorenz Curve. It is conclusive that the Lorenz Curve shows inequality.

Parallel coordinate graph

http://usagainstthemachines.com/senior-thesis/

A parallel coordinate plot maps each row in the data table as a line, or profile. Each attribute of a row is represented by a point on the line. This makes parallel coordinate plots similar in appearance to line charts, but the way data is translated into a plot is substantially different. A Parallel coordinate graph represents two or more variables. The above displays information on an x and y axis. The y axis represents greenhouse gas global warming potential from lowest, represented using red lines, and highest, represented using purple lines. The x axis displays 6 different software implementation versions and each are separated by a black line that runs vertical through the graph.  I find these types of graphs to be difficult and hard to read.

Climograph

http://www.colorado.edu/geography/extra/geogweb/bouldercreek-2/preview/page2.html

A climograph is a graphical representation of basic climatic parameters. That is, monthly average temperature and precipitation, at a certain location. It is used for a quick-view of the climate of a location. A climograph is a weather graph used to chart monthly precipitation and temperature conditions for a given location. Above is bar graph for the temperature and precipitation averages for Boulder, CO.

Box Plot

http://www.physics.csbsju.edu/stats/box2.html

A box plot, sometimes referred to as box and whisker plot, is used to show five different number summaries at one time; the smallest observation or minimum,lower quartile, the median, upper quartile, and largest observation the maximum. A boxplot may also indicate if a data set has outliers or extremities. In this particular box plot, it is demonstrating in the simplest box plot the central rectangle spans the first quartile to the third quartile (the interquartile range or IQR). A segment inside the rectangle shows the median and "whiskers" above and below the box show the locations of the minimum and maximum.

Index value plot

http://www.stator-afm.com/swing-index/

In an index value plot, data is plotted relative to an index. Here we see the change in value of the British Pound over a time period, and above that charge an index value plot where the swing of value is plotted against a 0 index, departures appearing both as positive and negative values.

Similarity Matrix

http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/8/353/figure/F5?highres=y

A similarity matrix shows exactly what its name implies: the similarity between variable along a scale. Similarities are visualized by varying the colors of the boxes. This particular matrix is from a study on gene expression. Data pairs with significant similarity are shown in dark red, while those with no significant similarity are white, the rest are gradients between. Color visualizations like this can allow a cartographer to display complex data in a simple way.

Correlation matrix

http://www.psychstat.missouristate.edu/multibook/mlt07m.html

A correlation matrix is simply a matrix giving the correlations, or relationship, between all pairs of data sets.  In a correlation matrix correlations have values on ranging from -1 to 1.  This means that 1 represents the greatest correlation, while -1 represents the least.  To read the correlation matrix you like up the row and column you want to compare.  The above map is a correlation matrix comparing lifestyles.